எண்
|
அகப்பாடல்கள்
|
எண்
|
புறப்பாடல்கள்
(நீதி)
|
எண்
|
புறப்பாடல்கள்
(நீதி)
|
1
|
கைந்நிலை
|
7
|
களவழி
நாற்பது
|
13
|
ஏலாதி
|
2
|
ஐந்திணை ஐம்பது
|
8
|
இன்னா நாற்பது
|
14
|
ஆசாரக்கோவை
|
3
|
ஐந்திணை
எழுபது
|
9
|
இனியவை
நாற்பது
|
15
|
முதுமொழிக்காஞ்சி
|
4
|
திணைமொழி ஐம்பது
|
10
|
திரிகடுகம்
|
16
|
பழமொழி நானூறு
|
5
|
திணைமாலை
நூற்றைம்பது
|
11
|
நான்மணிக்கடிகை
|
17
|
நாலடியார்
|
6
|
கார் நாற்பது
|
12
|
சிறுபஞ்சமூலம்
|
18
|
திருக்குறள்
|
The next work we
take up in the series of “18 minor works” in Tamil is Ainthinai Aimpathu (ஐந்திணை ஐம்பது).
As it has 50 poems on the five landscapes or tinais (Kurinji, Mullai, Maruthan, Neithal and Palai), this work
came to be called as Ainthinai Aimpathu (Literally: Fifty on Five Tinais).
Every tinai has 10 poems in them and thus 5x50 = 50. The authorship is
attributed to Māran Poraiyanār
(மாறன் பொறையனார்), but nothing is know about the author
and his life.
There is hardly any
poem in this work that has captivated by mind. Since the poems of Ainthinai
Aimpathu is also modeled on the poems of the 10 major works of the Sangam
period (comprised of 8 anthologies and 10 Idylls), there is no dearth of
reference to fauna and flora in them. I would like to highlight three of these
faunal and floral similes that attracted my attention.
(1) Poem 16: Kurinji
landscape
கொடுவரி வேங்கை பிழைத்துக் கோட் பட்டு
மடிசெவி வேழம் இரீஇ .
மடிசெவி வேழம் இரீஇ .
A bent-eared elephant withdraws and walks away in gentle steps,
After having escaped from the grip of a tiger with curved-stripes.
There are four phrases used by the poet here worth taking
note of, namely (i) “curved stripe” (கொடுவரி) & “bent ear” (மடிசெவி) and
“tiger” (வேங்கை) &
“elephant” (வேழம்).
In Tamil literature, especially of the Sangam period, the poets depict the
tiger and elephant in constant enmity with each other. Sometimes, the tiger
wins the contest and on other occasions the elephant. There are over a dozen
names for the tiger and at least a hundred different names for the elephant
used by poets in Tamil literature. The most commonly used words in literature
for the tiger and elephant are puli
and yānai, which continue to be the
popular words for these animals even in the present! But the poet here has
preferred to employ the words ‘vénkai’
for the tiger and ‘vézham’ for the
elephant for obvious poetic reasons. The ‘bent-ear’ is a reference to the
folded ears of grown up elephants.
கொடுவரி வேங்கை |
உதிரம் துவரிய வேங்கை உகிர்போல்
எதிரி முருக்கரும்ப வீர்ந்தண்கார் நீங்க
எதிரி முருக்கரும்ப வீர்ந்தண்கார் நீங்க
Spring is the season when the murukku
trees are full of buds
Resembling the blood-stained claws of a tiger.
The mul murnkai (முள் முருங்கை) is what is referred as murukku (Erythrina stricta) in the poem. Its flowers are scarlet red and do
resemble the claws of the tiger soaked in blood. Māran
Poraiyanār is not the only Tamil poet to have
compared tiger claws to murukku
flowers. He has obviously modeled his poem based on some of the poems in Akanānūru
where at least two poets have employed this floro-faunal comparison.
வாள்வரி வயமான் கோள்உகிர் அன்ன
செம்முகை அவிழ்ந்த முள்முதிர் முருக்கின்
|
முருக்கரும் பன்ன வள்ளுகிர் வயப்பிணவு
|
The old
and dried flowers
Of
thorny murunkai trees
With
their buds red-hued
Look
like the blood-stained claws
Of a mighty
tiger with bright stripes.
(Akam 99)
|
Its pregnant mate,
whose blood-stained
claws
look like the murunkai buds.
(Akam 362)
|
The tamil word ‘ukir’ (உகிர்) in all these three poems cited so far means ‘claw.’ The contemporary Tamil word for claw or nail is nakam (நகம்). The origin of this ‘nakam’ could be sourced to the Sanskrit word nakha (नख). There is specific tiger-claw tree (புலிநகக் கொன்றை) in Tamil which Krishamurthy (2007) considers is the njāzhal (ஞாழல்: Cassia sophera). The tip-curved stamens of this species resemble the claws of the tiger. Thus, while only blood-stained tiger claws could be compared to the petals of Erythrina stricta, the stamens of Cassia sephora could be compared to the normal claws of the tiger.
…………………………………………………… - நண்படைந்த
சேவலும் தன்அருகில் சேக்குமால் என்கொலோ
பூந்தலை அன்றில் புலம்பு?
சேவலும் தன்அருகில் சேக்குமால் என்கொலோ
பூந்தலை அன்றில் புலம்பு?
What could be the reason why the female of the anril
With a red-flower-like crest on her head grieves,
Even when her loving mate abides nearby?
(Poem
41)
If
rain-bird chataka (चातक) is the
most commonly mentioned bird in Sanskrit literature, it is anril (அன்றில்) bird in Tamil literature. The
anril bird is depicted in Tamil literature as a symbol of faithful love. It is usually
a resident of the palmyrah tree (பனமிசை அன்றில், Natrinai, 360) and death to
anyone of them would cause the other also to suffer and die in the end (ஒன்று இல் காலை அன்றில், Natrinai 124). Is it possible
to fix the identity of this species based on the descriptions given Tamil literature?
Let us look at some of the morphological features of the bird mentioned.
·
black
legs (கருங்கால் அன்றில், Krunthokai, 301)
·
curved
beaks (மடிவாய் அன்றில், Akam 50)
·
pointed
beak (கூர்வாய் அன்றில், Akam 305)
·
fire-like
red head (நெருப்பின் அன்ன செந்தலை அன்றில், Kurunthokai 160)
·
red
flower-like crest on the head (பூந்தலை அன்றில், Aithinai Aimpathu 41)
Red-naped ibis (செந்தலை அன்றில்) |
Glossy ibis (கருங்கால் அன்றில்) |
(4) Poem 43: Neithal landscape
பொரிப்புறப் பல்லிச் சினையீன்ற புன்னை
வரிப்புற வார்மணல்மேல் ஏறி
வரிப்புற வார்மணல்மேல் ஏறி
Striped sand dune covered with the punnai buds
Resembling the speckled eggs of the lizard.
The word sinai (“சினை”) could mean embryo, flower-bud, spawn, egg or even bamboo.
Since the poet is compared a lizard’s egg to the flower, the word sinai coule be taken to mean both ‘bud’
as well as ‘egg’. The plant punnai (புன்னை) is said to be Alexandrian laurel (Calophyllum inopbyllum), an evergreen
tree with leathery leaves of the coastal regions. Indeed the poem also belongs
to the littoral region (neithal thinai).
The roundish flower buds of the punnai
tree indeed resemble the eggs of a gecko.
Buds of Calophyllum inophyllum |
Reference:
Krishnamurthy, K.V.
2007. தமிழரும் தாவரமும். பாராதிதாசன் பல்கலைகழகம். பக்கம் 114