ஆசாரக்கோவை
Introduction: Literary classics abound in all languages of the word and it is indeed a pleasure to read them and appreciate how our ancestors viewed life and how every civilization differed from each other in viewing at the aims and pursuits of life in this world. The objective here is to present once a week, the best poem or sloka or verse or song I have read among the different literary works of the world. "யான் பெற்ற இன்பம் பெருக இவ்வையகம்" என்று திருமூலர் திருமந்திரத்தில் கூறியதுபோல, let everyone attain the bliss I have received in reading them.
The word āsāram (ஆசாரம்) is related to words like āsiriyar (ஆசிரியர்) and āsān (ஆசான்). Āsāram therefore means ‘way of life’, behavior, code of conduct etc. A verse in Thirukkural (1075) has this phrase, “அச்சமே கீழ்களது ஆசாரம்”, which means “fear is the base man's only code”. Thus Āsārakkōvai means “a garland of codes”. The author is Peruvāyin Mulliyār (பெருவாயின் முள்ளியார்) about whom not much is known apart from what is available to us through a special proem song.
எண் | அகப்பாடல்கள் | எண் | புறப்பாடல்கள் (நீதி) | எண் | புறப்பாடல்கள் (நீதி) |
1 | கைந்நிலை | 7 | களவழி நாற்பது | 13 | ஏலாதி |
2 | ஐந்திணை ஐம்பது | 8 | இன்னா நாற்பது | 14 | ஆசாரக்கோவை |
3 | ஐந்திணை எழுபது | 9 | இனியவை நாற்பது | 15 | முதுமொழிக்காஞ்சி |
4 | திணைமொழி ஐம்பது | 10 | திரிகடுகம் | 16 | பழமொழி நானூறு |
5 | திணைமாலை நூற்றைம்பது | 11 | நான்மணிக்கடிகை | 17 | நாலடியார் |
6 | கார் நாற்பது | 12 | சிறுபஞ்சமூலம் | 18 | திருக்குறள் |
Āsārakkōvai is yet another work among the “18 minor works in Tamil” which has 100 verses. A “Sātakam” in Indian literary history mean any work that has 100 odd verses in it. Sanskrit has many (e.g. Nitsātakam Vairagyasātakam Ātma sātakam), so also Tamil (e.g. Nānmanikkadikai Needhi venbā), Telugu (Sumati Sātakamu Dasaradhi Sātakamu) and also in other languages. Unlike the previous ethical works we saw in the last four weeks, not all poems of this work are quatrains. Some are triplets, some are quatrains few have have five lines (quintain) and there is also one couplet! As we see from histogram below, only one poem is a couplet and only eight have five liners. Majority are triplets, followed by quatrains (39%).
Āsārakkōvai is yet another work among the “18 minor works in Tamil” which has 100 verses. A “Sātakam” in Indian literary history mean any work that has 100 odd verses in it. Sanskrit has many (e.g. Nitsātakam Vairagyasātakam Ātma sātakam), so also Tamil (e.g. Nānmanikkadikai Needhi venbā), Telugu (Sumati Sātakamu Dasaradhi Sātakamu) and also in other languages. Unlike the previous ethical works we saw in the last four weeks, not all poems of this work are quatrains. Some are triplets, some are quatrains few have have five lines (quintain) and there is also one couplet! As we see from histogram below, only one poem is a couplet and only eight have five liners. Majority are triplets, followed by quatrains (39%).
What do be done and what not to be done? How to and when to have a bath? How to eat (alone with elders)? How to handle your food plates ? How to drink water how to sleep Where, how and in which direction to urinate Where and where not to goggle? What thoughts to be avoided? When and when not to cohabit with wife? Places to be avoided | How to look after house? When to recite scriptures? How to be a good host? Bad & good habits How conduct before elders kings and teachers Places to be avoided for worship How to speak? Forbidden things Things to be preserved like gold Things to be avoided to keep healthy |
I found some of the poems very intriguing, not because of the message they carry, but because of the strange codes of conducts promulgated in them. I will take the top three here:
Wash your legs
காலின் நீர் நீங்காமை உண்டிடுக! பள்ளியும்
ஈரம் புலராமை எறற்க!' என்பதே-
பேர் அறிவாளர் துணிவு. (19)
ஈரம் புலராமை எறற்க!' என்பதே-
பேர் அறிவாளர் துணிவு. (19)
Crux of the poem: “Wash your legs, but eat before they get dried, and enter temples after they get dried”.
No standing and eating
கிடந்து உண்ணார்; நின்று உண்ணார்; வெள்ளிடையும் உண்ணார்;
சிறந்து மிக உண்ணார்; கட்டில்மேல் உண்ணார்;
இறந்து, ஒன்றும் தின்னற்க, நின்று! (23)
சிறந்து மிக உண்ணார்; கட்டில்மேல் உண்ணார்;
இறந்து, ஒன்றும் தின்னற்க, நின்று! (23)
That is to say: “Not to eat lying and standing. Not even sitting on the cot”. இதென்ன வம்பாப் போச்சு. இப்படிப்பார்த்தால் இந்த காலத்தில் பல உணவகங்களில் சிற்றுண்டி கழிக்க முடியாதே!
Directions for defecating
The only couplet in the entire work has this to say….
பகல் தெற்கு நோக்கார்; இரா வடக்கு நோக்கார்;
பகல் பெய்யார், தீயினுள் நீர். (33)
பகல் பெய்யார், தீயினுள் நீர். (33)
This one is very interesting. அதாவது பகலில் தெற்கு நோக்கி மலசலங் கழிக்கக்கூடாது. இரவில் வடக்கு நோக்கியும் கழிக்கலாகாது. இதென்னடா வம்ப்பாபோச்சு!!
Ant, weaver and the crow
The best poem I like in Āsārakkōvai, however, is poem 96 which has some examples from the animal world. The poet has taken the ant, weaver bird and crow as similes. The ant is known for its labour and saving food for the lean season, the weaver is known for the beautiful nest it makes and the crow for sharing its food. Let us see the poem now………
நந்து எறும்பு, தூக்கணம்புள், காக்கை, என்று இவைபோல்,
தம் கருமம் நல்ல கடைப்பிடித்து, தம் கருமம்
அப் பெற்றியாக முயல்பவர்க்கு ஆசாரம்
எப் பெற்றியானும் படும். (ஆசாரக்கோவை, 96)
தம் கருமம் நல்ல கடைப்பிடித்து, தம் கருமம்
அப் பெற்றியாக முயல்பவர்க்கு ஆசாரம்
எப் பெற்றியானும் படும். (ஆசாரக்கோவை, 96)
The poet asks us to consider these three species as role models in our life. Work tirelessly and save like the ant, be meticulous and careful like the weaver bird (while building your house), and be charitable like the crow which calls others of its kind before eating.
ANT: For the first part, the Bible has this Proverb (30:25): “Ants are creatures of little strength, yet they store up their food in the summer”.
CROW: Thiruvalluvar says: “Crows trumpet their finds and share them. Prosperity also abides with such men.” (காக்கை கரவா கரைந்துண்ணும்; ஆக்கமும் அன்னநீ ரார்க்கே உள - குறள் 527).
WEAVER: There is a Tamil proverb on the weaver bird: “தூக்கணங் குருவி குரங்கிற்கு புத்தி சொன்னாற் போல” which Lazaurus (1894) interprets as “the inferior advising superior” (the weaver bird being the inferior and the monkey being the superior), but I believe the correct interpretation is the one provided by Palaniappan Vairam at his blog கற்க நிற்க. Of relevance to quote here is another Tamil proverb “குரங்குக் கையில் பூமாலை அகப்பட்டதுபோல” which literally means “Like a garland in the hands of the monkey”. We know what happens when a monkey is given a garland. Not knowing its worth, a monkey would tear it into pieces in no time. Metaphorically, the weaver bird nest can be equated with a garland. Both are marvels of delicate skill, one by the bird and the other by humans. The story goes like this: “Weaver birds build nests and stays inside it when it rains. Seeing a monkey getting drenched in rain, the bird advised the monkey to start building a nest. The monkey got irritated and destroyed the bird’s nest”. Here the poet Mulliyār is asking us, the humans and not monkeys, to learn the lesson from the weaver bird.
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I Kural in 30 languages I Mathematical mircale in Kural I Introduction to the Kural I Kural and Worldly Wisdom I
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